El rol del tutor en el aula virtual - competencias psico-afectivas.

En los ambientes virtuales de enseñanza, el estudiante asume un rol protagonista, donde es responsable de su propio aprendizaje, convirtiendo al tutor virtual en un facilitador de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje

Modelos animais de exposição ao álcool durante o desenvolvimento: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Biologia.Introdução: A exposição pré-natal ao álcool (PAE, do inglês prenatal alcohol exposure) é reconhecida como a causa evitável mais comum de deficiência mental no mundo ocidental, podendo levar ao desenvolvimento do Espectro de Desordens do Alcoolismo Fetal (FASD, do inglês Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders), um termo abrangente que inclui uma gama de efeitos adversos no desenvolvimento do feto, incluindo deficiências no crescimento, malformações congênitas, distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos e perturbações mentais. O diagnóstico de FASD ainda é bastante complicado de ser realizado, muitas vezes as mães não admitem ou não se lembram dos hábitos durante a gestação, e, normalmente, os transtornos do desenvolvimento característicos de PAE só são percebidos mais tarde na vida, em geral quando as crianças já estão em idade escolar. Neste sentido o uso de modelos animais é particularmente importante porque possibilita controlar múltiplas variáveis, tais como o padrão de exposição ao álcool; o tempo de exposição durante o período de desenvolvimento cerebral em que ocorre a administração do álcool; a quantidade de álcool a que o feto está exposto; os níveis de estresse sofridos pela mãe durante o período de exposição e a restrição calórica que vem normalmente acompanhada com o consumo de álcool. Objetivos: Verificar quais são os modelos animais mais comumente utilizados nos estudos com FASD; analisar as possíveis vantagens e desvantagens de cada modelo animal para este tipo de pesquisa. Metodologia: Os dados foram coletados através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura dos artigos publicados nos últimos 15 anos e seguiu as recomendações do guia “Principais Itens para Relatar Revisões sistemáticas e Meta-análises” (PRISMA). A busca nas bases de dados Pubmed e Science Direct foi realizada entre os dias 14 e 16 de Março de 2017. Na busca foram utilizados os seguintes termos/descritores, em língua inglesa: prenatal alcohol exposure; prenatal ethanol exposure; fetal alcohol exposure; fetal alcohol syndrome e fetal alcohol spectrum disorders; combinados com o termo/descritor animal models através do operador booleano “and”, no título e/ou resumo. Resultados: A busca resultou em 1.246 artigos, e após utilizar os critérios de inclusão e exclusão definidos previamente, foram selecionados e incluídos 107 artigos. Dentre os modelos animais utilizando roedores foram encontrados 75 trabalhos utilizando ratos, 24 utilizando camundongos e 8 utilizando cobaias. Dentre os períodos de administração, 7 trabalhos realizaram a exposição fetal ao álcool no 1º trimestre equivalente; 10 no 2º trimestre equivalente; 55 no 3º trimestre; 26 forneceram álcool ao longo dos dois primeiros trimestres (1º+2º) e 22 ao longo dos 3 trimestres equivalentes de forma contínua. Dentre as diferentes vias de administração, 5 pesquisas utilizaram o modelo de “água de beber”; 9 usaram “câmaras de inalação de vapor”; 5 pesquisas usaram o meio de criação artificial com implantação de cânula gástrica; 6 trabalhos utilizaram o paradigma de “consumo voluntário”; 11 usaram “dieta líquida”; 2 pesquisas mesclaram duas vias de administração no mesmo estudo; 12 artigos utilizaram injeção intraperitoneal e 5 usaram injeção subcutânea; 43 estudos administraram álcool por “intubação intragástrica”; 8 usaram o método de “administração oral” e apenas um usou o “paradigma das duas garrafas”. Dentre as 107 pesquisas analisadas nesta revisão sistemática, 32 utilizaram algum tipo de tratamento ou intervenção contra os efeitos do álcool. Conclusão: Cada modelo animal de PAE tem vantagens e desvantagens, o conhecimento de cada um destes modelos e a definição dos objetivos do estudo proposto devem ser previamente definidos para que o modelo mais adequado possa ser selecionado.Introduction: Prenatal exposure to alcohol (PAE) is recognized as the most common avoidable cause of mental disability in the Western world, and may lead to the development of the Fetal Alcohol Disorder Spectrum (FASD), a comprehensive term that includes a range of adverse effects on fetal development, including growth deficiencies, congenital malformations, neuropsychiatric and mental disorders. The diagnosis of FASD is still quite complicated to achieve, mothers often do not or do not recall gestational habits, and usually, developmental disorders characteristic of ECPs are only noticed later in life, Children are already of school age. For this reason, the use of animal models to study FASD is particularly important because it allows controlling multiple variables, such as the pattern of exposure to alcohol; The time of exposure during the period of brain development in which the administration of alcohol occurs; The amount of alcohol to which the fetus is exposed; The stress levels experienced by the mother during the exposure period, and the calorie restriction that is usually accompanied by alcohol consumption. Objectives: To verify which animal models are most commonly used in FASD studies and to analyze the possible advantages and disadvantages of each animal model for this type of research. Methodology: A systematic review of English-language articles published in the last 15 years was conducted by following the recommendations of the guide "Main Items for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyzes" (PRISMA). A broad search of PubMed and Science direct was carried out from March 14 to 16, 2017. The following terms/descriptors were used in the search: prenatal alcohol exposure; Prenatal ethanol exposure; Fetal alcohol exposure; Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders; Combined with the term/descriptor animal models through the boolean operator "and" in the title and/or summary. Results: The search resulted in 1,246 articles, and after using previously defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 107 articles were selected. Among the animal models using rodents were found 75 studies using rats, 24 using mice and 8 using guinea pigs. Among the administration periods, 7 studies used fetal exposure to alcohol in the 1st trimester; 10 in the 2nd trimester equivalent; 55 in the 3rd trimester; 26 provided alcohol during the first two trimesters (1st + 2nd) and 22 during the 3 consecutive trimesters equivalent. Among the different administration routes, 5 studies used the "drinking water" model; 9 used "vapor inhalation"; 5 studies used the “artificial rearing model”; 6 studies used the paradigm of "voluntary consumption"; 11 used "liquid diet"; 2 studies used two routes of administration in the same study; 12 articles used intraperitoneal injection and 5 used subcutaneous injection; 43 studies administered alcohol for "intragastric intubation"; 8 used the "oral administration" method and only one study used the "two bottle paradigm". Of the 107 studies found in this systematic review, 32 used some type of treatment or intervention to counteract alcohol effects. Conclusion: Each animal model of PAE has advantages and disadvantages and the knowledge of the pros and cons of each animal model and the clear definition of the objectives of the proposed study must be previously defined so that the most appropriate model is chosen

Stereotypisierung von Armut

In dieser Arbeit beschäftige ich mich mit der Stereotypisierung von Armut in einem populären Medium, der Graphic Novel „Aya“. Ich wählte einen Comic für meine Analyse, da Comics mit Stereotypen arbeiten, die sowohl auf bildlicher als auch sprachlicher Ebene transportiert werden. Zu Beginn meiner Arbeit stelle ich verschiedene Armutskonzepte dar und setze diese in Bezug zu meiner nachfolgenden Analyse. Um Armut im Comic definieren zu können, sehe ich sie in Relation zu Reichtum. Weiters wird Armut durch ein Unterstützungsverhältnis gekennzeichnet. Ein Comic ist ein semiotisches Zeichensystem. Bei der Analyse trenne ich die Bild- von der Textebene, um beide Ebenen einzeln analysieren zu können. Bei der Bildanalyse stütze ich mich auf die „Grammatik des Visuellen“ von Gunther Kress und Theo van Leeuwen. Die Textebene, die eigentlich einen Kommunikationsprozess ausdrückt, bearbeite ich mit der Theorie von Norman Fairclough, der Sprache und Machtbeziehungen herausarbeitet. Den Korpus für die Analyse bilden vier Sequenzen aus der Graphic Novel. Die ersten beiden repräsentieren Verhandlungssituationen, die mir einen Vergleich der Machtpositionen von Armen und Reichen ermöglichen. Dabei wird deutlich, wie stark die Verhandlungsposition von dem finanziellen Ungleichgewicht der VerhandlungspartnerInnen abhängt. Anhand der beiden anderen Sequenzen wird analysiert, wie Armut wahrgenommen und wie mit ihr umgegangen wird. Armut wird durch ein Unterstützungsverhältnis gekennzeichnet, wobei die Unterstützung nur denjenigen zu teil wird, die von der Gesellschaft als unverschuldet arm betrachtet werden. Durch Unterstützung unterliegt man auch einer Abhängigkeit, die wiederum von Machtstrukturen geprägt ist. Es zeigt sich, dass Comics durch ihre stilistischen Mittel Stereotype sehr klar transportieren. In diesem speziellen Fall werden gewisse Stereotype, wie jenes, dass AfrikanerInnen arm sind und hungern, aufgebrochen, andere jedoch nicht.In this thesis I deal with stereotypes of poverty in a popular medium, the graphic novel “Aya”. I chose this comic since, as popular medium, it works with stereotypes which are transported on the pictoral as well as on the textual layer, as my analysis will show. At the beginning of my work I describe concepts of poverty and relate them to my analysis. To be able to define poverty I view it in relation to wealth. Furthermore poverty will be identified by its relation to support. A comic is a semiotic sign system. In a first step of analysis I disconnect the pictoral and the written layer. The pictoral analysis is based on “The grammar of visual design” by Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen. As for the textual level which actually represents a communication process I apply the theory of Norman Fairclough who works with language and power relations. My corpus of analysis consists of four sequences of the graphic novel. The first two represent negotiation processes which allow for a comparison of the power relations between rich and poor protagonists. I make clear how the negotiating position depends on the financial imbalance of the negotiating partners. Through the two other sequences I am able to analyse the perception of poverty and the different ways of the characters to deal with it. Poverty is marked by a relationship of support whereby only those get support, whose poverty is, by the definition of the society, not their own fault. Those who get support underlie relations of dependency and this dependency is imprinted by power structures. The analysis shows that due to their stylistic means comics transport stereotypes very clearly. It further demonstrates how, in this particular comic, some stereotypes such as “Africans are poor and starving” are unsealed, others not

DISPRAXIAS - IDENTIFICAÇÃO PRECOCE NOS TRANSTORNOS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO E APRENDIZAGEM NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL

Na hierarquia motora, os primeiros movimentos do ser humano são reflexos e ocorrem nos seis primeiros meses de vida. Durante o período lactente, também ocorre a manifestação dos movimentos automáticos e, a partir dos 18 meses iniciam as etapas simbólicas, onde a criança manifesta com mais clareza a linguagem, através da elaboração das frases e da expressão corporal, o mundo práxico. O movimento práxico é considerado elaborado e sofisticado, pois depende da participação dos órgãos do sentido, da atividade cortical e do sistema límbico. Através da linguagem, influenciada por fatores biológicos e ambientais, é possível representar as complexas abstrações que são o fundamento da sociedade atual. O desenvolvimento motor representa uma sequência regular e constante do calendário neuroevolutivo. Quando um indivíduo manifesta uma perturbação motora, busca-se a origem do problema, a qual, na infância, se caracteriza, principalmente, por déficits compreendidos em três grandes áreas: coordenação; propriocepção e percepção. Neste sentido, é essencial a avaliação e o acompanhamento das crianças, a fim de identificar riscos, alterações e atrasos motores, possibilitando o planejamento de futuras intervenções. As dispraxias são transtornos do desenvolvimento, com alterações motoras em uma ou mais áreas, podendo ser classificadas em primárias ou secundárias, destacando que os primeiros sinais de alerta muitas vezes só serão observados em idade escolar, sendo de grande importância o olhar atento dos profissionais da educação. Para identificar estes sinais de alerta, podem ser utilizados protocolos de avaliação do desenvolvimento, como a Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor – EDM.Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento motor. Dispraxias. Educação infantil.

Altered pattern of tumor necrosis factor-Alpha production in peripheral blood monocytes from Crohn's disease basic study

AIM: To evaluate the inflammatory state in Crohn's disease (CD) patients and correlate it with genetic background and microbial spreading. METHODS: By means of flow cytometry, production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u3b1) was measured in peripheral blood monocytes from patients suffering from CD, ulcerative colitis (UC) and in healthy subjects after stimulation of the NOD2 and TLR pathways. CD patients were genotyped for the three most common NOD2 variants (R702W, G908R and L1007Pfs*2) and basal production of TNF-\u3b1 was correlated to NOD2 genotype. Also, production of TNF-\u3b1 was correlated to plasmatic levels of LPS Binding Protein (LBP), soluble (s) CD14 and to the activity state of the disease. RESULTS: The patients with CD were characterized by a significantly higher monocyte basal expression of TNF-\u3b1 compared with healthy subjects and UC patients, and after stimulation with Pam3CSK4 (ligand of TLR2/1) and MDP-L18 (ligand of NOD2) this difference was maintained, while other microbial stimuli (LPS, ligand of TLR4 and PolyI:C, ligand of TLR3) induced massive activation in CD monocytes as well as in UC and in healthy control cells. There was no significant difference in the production of TNF-\u3b1 between patients who carried CD-associated heterozygous or homozygous variants in NOD2 and patients with wild type NOD2 genotype. Although serum LBP levels have been shown to correlate positively with the state of activity of the disease, TNF-\u3b1 production did not show a clear correlation with either LBP or sCD14 levels in plasma. Moreover, no clear correlation was seen between TNF-\u3b1 production and activity indices in either CD or UC. CONCLUSION: Peripheral monocytes from CD express higher basal and stimulated TNF-\u3b1 than controls, regardless of NOD2 genotype and without a clear correlation with disease activity

Resin composite cements: Current status and a novel classification proposal

ObjectivesCurrently, a classification of resin cements that includes relatively recently formulated ("universal") cements is lacking. Furthermore, the terminology used to define different resin cements in the scientific reports is inconsistent. Accordingly, this work aims to: (i) propose a novel classification of resin composite cements; (ii) disambiguate the term "universal cements" and (iii) present an overview of the properties of these cements. MethodsAn analysis of peer-reviewed literature (PubMed search), as well as market research on definitive resin composite cements were performed. ResultsA tendency toward simplified and versatile luting materials was observed both in the scientific literature and on the dental market with the advent of self-adhesive/one-step resin cements. However, additional priming procedures were necessary to improve their bonding performance in certain clinical situations. Hence, several cements that can be applied both in adhesive and self-adhesive mode were introduced. These cements are associated with a universal adhesive resin, that can be used as a tooth and/or restorative material primer, without the need for other priming systems, regardless of the substrate. These systems should be considered truly universal. Therefore, we hereby suggested a new classification of resin-based cements: (1) adhesive/multi-step; (2) self-adhesive/one-step; (3) universal cements (one- or multi-step). Despite promising in vitro results, clinical trials and long-track laboratory studies are necessary to confirm the reliability of the universal cements. ConclusionsThis review presented the current advances in the field of resin-based cements, which are reflected in the proposed classification. The term "universal cement" was disambiguated, which will help standardize the terminology used in published research. Clinical SignificanceThe classification of resin-based cements and a better understanding of the proper terminology will help standardize the terminology in published research, as well as improve the understanding of the clinical practitioners of the different indications and possible modalities of use of the available cements

Selective adhesive luting: A novel technique for improving adhesion achieved by universal resin cements

Objective: We aimed to introduce the concept of "Selective adhesive luting-SAL" which is explained through clinical steps and supported by preliminary laboratory evidence. Clinical considerations: Cementation with rubber dam is difficult to perform in case of short abutment teeth and/or subgingival crown margins. By means of universal resin cements/universal adhesive systems, which can be employed in self-adhesive as well as adhesive luting procedures, this paper presents a novel technique allowing clinicians to perform reliable cementation where rubber dam isolation is difficult. The SAL technique entails the application of a universal adhesive system only on easily accessible abutment surfaces, enabling simultaneous adhesive and self-adhesive luting in different portions of the abutment. The SAL clinical workflow is explained through prosthodontic rehabilitation of maxillary right central incisor affected by microdontia and restored with a lithium-disilicate crown. Furthermore, our laboratory microshear bond strength study supports the rationale behind SAL application demonstrating higher bond strength even when the adhesive resin is placed only on one portion of the cementation substrate. Clinical significance: This article advocates the application of SAL technique in clinical situations where effective adhesive luting is uncertain, since it can improve the adhesion between the tooth and universal resin cements

The diagnostic challenge of very early-onset enterocolitis in an infant with XIAP deficiency

Background: Aggressive course and resistance to treatments usually characterize very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD). Some VEO-IBD cases are due to monogenic immune defects and can benefit from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Case presentation: We describe a Caucasian male baby who presented in the first months of life macrophage activation syndrome, followed by intractable colitis, recurrent episodes of fever and mild splenomegaly. After several immunological, genetic and clinical investigations, subsequently a therapeutic attempt with colectomy, analysis of VEO-IBD-associated genes, revealed a causative mutation in XIAP. The genetic diagnosis of a primary immune deficiency allowed curing the boy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Conclusion: Our report, together with novel findings from recent literature, should contribute to increase awareness of monogenic immune defects as a cause of VEO-IBD. Comprehensive genetic analysis can allow a prompt diagnosis, resulting in the choice of effective treatments and sparing useless and damaging procedures

infectious bronchitis virus gel vaccination evaluation of mass like b 48 and 793 b like 1 96 vaccine kinetics after combined administration at 1 day of age

ABSTRACT Infectious bronchitis (IB) control has a strong impact on poultry farming, because of the necessary epidemiological knowledge for planning the best strategy, the optimal strain association, the priming and boosting interventions. Broiler farming is even more problematic given the short and intense productive cycle, which requires an early onset of protection against most of the infectious threats, possibly with limited respiratory post-vaccination reactions that would have a direct impact on the bird health and productivity. For this purpose, gel vaccination has been proposed as a new approach for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) control and vaccine intake, kinetics and compatibility of combined strains administered by gel have been analyzed in this study. After gel vaccination with single and combined 1/96 and B-48 strains on 4 groups of commercial broilers, a 21-d-long experimental trial has been conducted to monitor the vaccine safety by clinical assessment and vaccine kinetics by strain-specific real-time RT-PCR on choanal cleft swabs. The vaccine strains administered by gel were safe and negligible respiratory signs were detected, even when combined. Vaccine titers were compared among groups and within the same group among a 10-bird pooled sample and 10 swabs from individually sampled birds. 1/96 strain early reached high titers in all animals, while B-48 presence was less constant even though it was detected in almost all birds before the trial end. The individual and pooled sample comparison revealed a partial overestimation of vaccine titers in the pooled samples and the loss of the prevalence data, although the trend portrayed by the pooled swabs closely followed the individual ones